Publications

2025

Nestor, B., Elaboudi, A. Milligan, S., & Schotter, E.R. (2025). Parafoveally perceived orthographic cues facilitate foveal semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Brain and Language. online first

Milligan, S., Elaboudi, A., Nestor, B., & Schotter, E.R. (2025). Individual differences in sub-components of the N400: Sentence constraint effects vary by reading comprehension ability while orthographic expectancy violation effects vary by spelling ability. Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience. In press

Cooley, F.G., Saunders, E., Sinclair, G., Stringer, C., Emmorey, K., & Schotter, E.R., (2025). Identifying text-based factors that contribute to the superior reading efficiency of skilled deaf readers: An eye-tracking study of length, frequency, and predictability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 51(7), 1178–1189.

Schotter, E.R., Payne, B.R., & Melcher, D. (2025). Characterizing the neural underpinnings of attention in the real world via co-registration of eye movements and EEG/MEG: An introduction to the special issue. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics. 87, 1-4

Milligan, S., Jaime Brunet, M., Caliskan, N., & Schotter, E.R. (2025). Parafoveal N400 effects reveal that word skipping is associated with deeper lexical processing in the presence of context-driven expectations. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 87, 76-93.

Schotter, E.R., & Dillon, B. (2025). A beginner’s guide to eye tracking for psycholinguistic studies of reading. Behavior Research Methods, 57(2):68.

2024

Schotter, E.R., Stringer, C., Saunders, E., Cooley, F.G., Sinclair, G., & Emmorey, K. (2024). The role of perceptual and word identification spans in reading efficiency: Evidence from hearing and deaf readers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153(10), 2359–2377.

Stringer, C., Cooley, F., Saunders, E., Emmorey, K., & Schotter, E. R. (2024). Deaf Readers Use Leftward Information to Read More Efficiently: Evidence from Eye Tracking. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77(10), 2098-2110.

Milligan, S., & Schotter, E. R. (2024) Do Readers Here What They Sea?: Investigating Factors that Affect the Phonological Preview Benefit in Reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 135, 104480.

2023

Milligan, S., Nestor, B., Antúnez, M., & Schotter, E. R. (2023). Out of sight, out of mind: Foveal processing is necessary for semantic integration of words into a sentence context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 49(5), 687–708.

Schotter, E. R., Milligan, S., & Estevez, V. M. (2023). Event‐related potentials show that parafoveal vision is insufficient for semantic integration. Psychophysiology, e14246.

Caliskan, N., Milligan, S., & Schotter, E. R. (2023). Readers scrutinize lexical familiarity only in the absence of expectations: Evidence from lexicality effects on event-related potentials. Brain and Language, 238, 105232.

2022

Milligan, S., Antúnez, M., Barber, H. A., & Schotter, E. R. (2022). Are eye movements and EEG on the same page?: A coregistration study on parafoveal preview and lexical frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 52(1), 188–210.

Antúnez, M., Milligan, S., Hernández-Cabrera, J.A.,Barber, H.A., & Schotter, E.R. (2022). Semantic parafoveal processing in natural reading: Insight from fixation-related potentials & eye movements. Psychophysiology, 59, e13986

2021

Lowry, M., Dubé, C., & Schotter, E.R. (2021). Evaluating theories of bilingual language control using computational models. Journal of Memory and Language, 117, 104195.

Fennell, A.M., Bugos, J.A., Payne, B.R., & Schotter, E.R., (2021). Music is similar to language in terms of working memory interference. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28, 512-525.

2020

Schotter, E.R., Johnson, E., & Lieberman, A.M. (2020). The sign superiority effect: Lexical status facilitates peripheral handshape identification for deaf signers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 46(11), 1397–1410.

Reichle, E.D., & Schotter, E.R. (2020). A computational analysis of the constraints on parallel word identification. Proceedings of the Cognitive Sciences Society, Toronto, Canada.

2019

Schotter, E.R., & Fennell, A., (2019). Readers can identify the meanings of words without looking at them: Evidence from regressive eye movements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26, 1697–1704.

Schotter, E.R. & Payne, B.R.(2019). Eye movements and comprehension are important to reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23, 811-812.

Schotter, E.R., Li, C., & Gollan, T.H. (2019). What reading aloud reveals about speaking: Regressive saccades implicate a failure to monitor, not inattention, in the prevalence of intrusion errors on function words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 2032-2045.

Schotter, E.R., von der Malsburg, T., & Leinenger, M. (2019). Forced Fixations, Trans-saccadic Integration, and Word Recognition: Evidence for a Hybrid Mechanism of Saccade Triggering in Reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45, 677-688

2018

Schotter, E.R. (2018). Reading ahead by hedging our bets on seeing the future: Eye tracking and electrophysiology evidence for parafoveal lexical processing and saccadic control by partial word recognition. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 68, 263-298.

Schotter, E.R., Leinenger, M., & von der Malsburg, T. (2018). When your mind skips what your eyes fixate: How forced fixations lead to comprehension illusions in reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 1884-1890.

Belanger, N.N., Lee, M., & Schotter, E.R. (2018). Young skilled deaf readers have an enhanced perceptual span in reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 291-301.

2017

Schotter, E.R., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2017). Reading. In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Behavioral Psychology, Elsevier.

2016

Schotter, E.R. & Leinenger, M. (2016). Reversed preview benefit effects: Forced fixations emphasize the importance of parafoveal vision for efficient reading. Journal Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 42, 2039-2067.

Schotter, E.R. & Jia, A. (2016). Semantic and Plausibility Preview Benefit Effects in English: Evidence from Eye Movements. Journal Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 42, 1839-1866.

Clifton, C., Ferreira, F., Henderson, J., Inhoff, A.W., Liversedge, S., Reichle, E.D., & Schotter, E.R. (2016). Eye movements in reading and information processing: Keith Rayner’s 40 year legacy. Journal of Memory & Language, 86, 1-19.

Rayner, K., Schotter, E.R., Masson, M.J.E., Potter, M.C., & Treiman, R. (2016). So much to read, so little time: How do we read, and can speed reading help? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17, 4-34.

2015

Schotter, E.R., Lee, M., Reiderman, M., & Rayner, K. (2015). The effect of contextual constraint on parafoveal processing in reading.Journal of Memory & Language, 83, 118-139.

Schotter, E.R. & Rayner, K. (2015). The work of the eyes during reading. In A. Pollatsek & R. Treiman (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Reading(pp. 44-62). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Angele, B., Schotter, E.R., Slattery, T.J., Tenenbaum, T.L, Bicknell, K., & Rayner, K. (2015). Do successor effects in reading reflect lexical parafoveal processing? Evidence from corpus- based and experimental eye movement data. Journal of Memory & Language, 79-80 76-96.

2014

Schotter, E.R., Bicknell, K., Howard, I., Levy, R., & Rayner, K. (2014). Task effects reveal cognitive flexibility responding to frequency and predictability: Evidence from eye movements in reading and proofreading. Cognition, 131, 1-27.

Schotter, E.R., Jia, A., Ferreira, V.S., & Rayner, K. (2014). Preview benefit in speaking occurs regardless of preview timing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 755-762.

Schotter, E.R., Reichle, E.D., & Rayner, K. (2014). Rethinking Parafoveal Processing in Reading: Serial Attention Models can Account for Semantic Preview Benefit and n+2 Preview Effects. Visual Cognition, 22, 309-333.

Schotter, E.R., Tran, R., & Rayner, K. (2014). Don’t believe what you read (only once): Comprehension is supported by regressions during reading. Psychological Science, 25, 1218-1226.

Gollan, T.H., Schotter, E.R., Gomez, J., Murillo, M., & Rayner, K. (2014). Multiple levels of bilingual control: Evidence from language intrusions in reading aloud. Psychological Science, 25, 585-595.

Rayner, K. & Schotter, E.R. (2014). Semantic preview benefit in reading English: The effect of initial letter capitalization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 1617-1628.

Rayner, K., Schotter, E.R., & Drieghe, D. (2014). Lack of parafoveal semantic preview benefit in reading revisited. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 1067-1072.

2013

Schotter, E.R. (2013). Synonyms provide semantic preview benefit in English. Journal of Memory and Language, 69, 619-633.

Schotter, E.R., Ferreira, V.S., & Rayner, K. (2013). Parallel object activation and attentional gating of information: Evidence from eye movements in the multiple object naming paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 39, 365-374.

Schotter, E.R. & Rayner, K. (2013). Eye movements in reading. In E. Perego (Ed.), Eye Tracking in Audiovisual Translation (pp. 83-104). Rome: Aracne.

Ferreira, V.S. & Schotter, E.R. (2013). Do verb bias effects on sentence production reflect sensitivity to comprehension or production factors? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 1548-1571.

Rayner, K., Angele, B, Schotter, E.R., & Bicknell, K. (2013). On the processing of canonical word order during eye fixations in reading: Do readers process transposed word previews? Visual Cognition, 21, 353-381.

Rayner, K. & Schotter, E.R. (2013). Eye movements during reading. In H. Pashler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Mind. (pp. 338-340). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, inc.

Wang, H.-C., Schotter, E.R., Angele, B., Yang, J., Simovici, D., Pomplun, M., & Rayner, K. (2013). Using singular value decomposition to investigate the configuration of Chinese characters: Evidence from eye movements during reading. Journal of Research in Reading, 36, S35-S50.

2012

Schotter, E.R., Angele, B., & Rayner, K. (2012). Parafoveal processing in reading. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 74, 5-35.

Schotter, E.R., Blythe, H.I., Kirkby, J.A., Rayner, K., Holliman, N.S. & Liversedge, S.P. (2012). Binocular coordination: Reading stereoscopic sentences in depth. PLoS ONE, 7.

Schotter, E.R., Gerety, C. & Rayner, K. (2012). Heuristics and criterion setting during selective encoding in visual decision-making: evidence from eye movements. Visual Cognition, 20, 1110-1129.

Schotter, E.R., & Rayner, K. (2012). Eye movements and word recognition during reading. In J. Adelman (Ed.), Visual Word Recognition Volume 2: Meaning and Context, Individuals and Development (pp. 73-101). New York: Psychology Press.

Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A. & Schotter, E.R. (2012). Reading: Word identification and eye movements. In A. Healy (Ed.) Handbook of Psychology, Volume 4: Experimental Psychology (pp. 548-577). Hoboken: Wiley.

2011

Schotter, E.R.(2011). Eye Movements as an index of linguistic processing in language production. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 9, 16-23.

Slattery, T., Schotter, E.R., Berry, R. & Rayner, K. (2011). Parafoveal and foveal processing of abbreviations during reading: Making a case for case. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 37, 1022-1031.

2010

Schotter, E.R., Berry, R., McKenzie, C., & Rayner, K. (2010). Gaze bias: Selective encoding and liking effects. Visual Cognition, 18, 1113-1132